Conflict of Interest

Conflict of Interest

The Journal requires all authors, reviewers, and members of the Editorial Board to fully disclose any conflicts of interest that may influence the evaluation, editorial handling, or publication of a manuscript. Conflicts of interest may arise when individuals or organizations have financial, academic, or personal interests that could compromise objectivity in the research, peer review, or publication decision-making process. Examples of conflicts of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Financial relationships with organizations, enterprises, or individuals related to the research content
• Research collaborations or direct academic competition
• Personal relationships that may affect the objectivity of the review process

Authors must clearly declare all relevant conflicts of interest within the manuscript or in the submission letter to the Editorial Board. Reviewers and Editorial Board members are required to decline participation in the review or handling of a manuscript if any conflict of interest exists that could impair their objectivity.

In the absence of any conflicts of interest, authors should explicitly state in the manuscript: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.”